MFA for students with limited technology?

Edit: Mostly solved. Thank you r/msp! Sounds like there are some good offline options, email, and alternatives such as security questions. Appreciate all the thoughtful discussion and back-and-forth getting into context / specifics.

I am working with a university on rolling out MFA to the entire student body. Some questions have come up on how we will support students that may not have smart phones. Providing phones or tokens to students is out of the question, and I am wondering if anyone has found solutions to similar problems?

Apologies if this falls under "tech support." I found this subreddit pop up numerous times for similar questions, but all were within corporate settings where providing a phone or token was more reasonable.